Checkered Light Emboss #280
 Grid  CC BY-SA 3.0

Sort of like the Photoshop transparent background, but better!

Source Alex Parker

 More Textures
Background pattern green #2027
 Green  CC 0

Remixed from a design seen in 'Burghley. The Life of William Cecil', William Charlton, 1857. The tile this is based on can be had by selecting the rectangle in Inkscape and using shift+alt+i.

Source Firkin

Background pattern 290 #1932
 Dark  CC 0

To get the tile this is based on, select the rectangle in Inkscape and use shift+alt+i.

Source Firkin

3px Tile@2X #343
 Dark  CC BY-SA 3.0

Tiny dark square tiles with varied color tones.

Source Gre3g

Tessellation 16 (colour 3) #2213
 Green  CC 0

The unit cell for this seamless pattern can be had in Inkscape by selecting the rectangle and using shift+alt+i.

Source Firkin

Concrete Wall@2X #78
 Wall  CC BY-SA 3.0

Dark blue concrete wall with some small dust spots.

Source Atle Mo

Black Linen #63
 Dark  CC BY-SA 3.0

In the spirit of WWDC 2011, here is a dark iOS inspired linen pattern.

Source Atle Mo

Retro Squares Background 8 #398
 Noise  CC 0

Retro Squares Background 8

Source GDJ

Colorful Stripes Background #400
 Noise  CC 0

Colorful Stripes Background

Source GDJ

Background pattern 214 #2377
 Blue  CC 0

A seamless chequerboard pattern formed from a tile that can be had in Inkscape by selecting the rectangle and using shift+alt+i.

Source Firkin

Background pattern 274 #2041
 Dark  CC 0

Remixed from a design seen in 'Burghley. The Life of William Cecil', William Charlton, 1857.

Source Firkin

Desert Camo Print #255
 Fabric  CC 0

Here's a camo print with more tan and less green, such as might be used in a desert scenario. This is tileable, so it can be used as a wallpaper or background.

Source Eady